Florent Malouda's pinpoint cross into the six-yard box was met firmly by the Ghanaian midfielder, who planted the ball into the bottom corner.
However, Essien was shown a red card in the final moment of injury-time for a two-footed lunge on Clint Dempsey.
Salomon Kalou wasted three gilt-edged chances to increase Chelsea's lead and the leaders had goalkeeper Petr Cech to thank late on when he tipped Dempsey's 25-yard shot over the bar.
Chelsea were quickly on top in the opening exchanges as Fulham struggled to get the ball off their hosts. The Blues earned a succession of corners but failed to take advantage of their early superiority.
In the 17th minute, Dempsey tried his luck from the edge of the penalty area but the ball was partially blocked by Chelsea captain John Terry, which allowed Cech to make an easy save.
Chelsea responded immediately but Kalou sent a cross straight into the arms of Mark Schwarzer as the Cottagers continued to frustrate the home side.
Fulham defender Matthew Briggs sent a low, 25-yard drive straight at Cech in the 22nd minute and then, moments later, Chelsea midfielder John Mikel Obi stung Schwarzer's hands with a rising drive from a similar distance.
Didier Drogba tested Schwarzer in the 28th minute with an angled 30-yard free-kick before Chelsea broke the deadlock on the half-hour when Kalou's cross was headed down and into the net by Essien.
The goal was scored while Drogba lay injured inside the penalty area and he required treatment before the game could restart.
Chelsea continued to threaten but the final ball was often poor, much to the consternation of coach Carlo Ancelotti on the touchline.
Five minutes before half-time Malouda brought a fine save from Schwarzer and then seconds later Kalou was just a foot wide of the target when he burst into the area.
Fulham left-back Briggs kept the visitors in the game when he cleared the ball off the toes of Kalou at the far post seconds before the interval.
Chelsea should have added a second in the 55th minute Kalou when waltzed through the Fulham defence only to see his shot half-saved by Schwarzer.
That did enough to take the pace off the ball and, as it rolled towards the net, Aaron Hughes ran back to clear off the line.
Fulham replaced Dickson Etuhu in the 62nd minute with striker Andrew Johnson as they looked for a way back into the game. Etuhu's last action had been to put his knee into the back of Essien, who required lengthy treatment before continuing.
Essien recovered sufficiently to fire a 25-yard shot high into the crowd in the 66th minute.
Seconds later, Malouda nicked the ball off the toes of Schwarzer but Drogba's shot was cleared by Briggs with the goal at his mercy.
Chelsea continued to pile forward and Essien put Drogba clear but the Ivory Coast striker hesitated enough for Fulham to clear the danger.
Chelsea then had three successive chances to score. First Malouda's shot was saved by Schwarzer and then Mikel's shot on the rebound was again punched clear by the Fulham goalkeeper.
Finally, Branislav Ivanovic crossed for Hughes to clear as Drogba looked to score from six yards.
Fulham substitute Zoltan Gera was unlucky not to level the scores in the 82nd minute when his 20-yard volley had to be punched clear by Cech.
And Chelsea's evening was marred by a straight red for Essien for a two-footed lunge on Dempsey in the final minute of injury time.
Teams:
Chelsea Cech, Bosingwa (Ferreira 88), Ivanovic, Terry, Cole, Essien, Mikel, Zhirkov, Kalou (Sturridge 85), Drogba, Malouda (Ramires 77).
Subs Not Used: Turnbull, Bruma, Kakuta, McEachran.
Sent Off: Essien (90).
Booked: Essien, Cole.
Goals: Essien 30.
Fulham Schwarzer, Kelly, Hangeland, Hughes, Briggs (Gera 79), Davies, Murphy, Etuhu (Andrew Johnson 61), Duff, Dempsey,Dembele.
Subs Not Used: Stockdale, Pantsil, Eddie Johnson, Dikgacoi,
Greening.
Att: 41,593
Ref: Martin Atkinson (W Yorkshire).